O-3 - Cosmic rays far above LHC-equivalent energy continuously bombard Earth, white dwarfs and neutron stars
The flux normalization comes from the (contemporaneous) Auger spectrum; the Gyr exposure of astronomical bodies is the shared cosmic-ray survival premise D-1.
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Why this is evidence
The exposure premise that gives the survival observations their force: under H-1, nature has already run vastly more super-LHC collisions on these bodies, so their continued existence is improbable; under H-2 the same exposure is harmless. Discriminates jointly with O-1/O-2/O-4.