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EpiStack v1 — FLF competition
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analyses
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eggs
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observations and facts
Folder: v1/analyses/eggs/observations-and-facts
95 items under this folder.
Jul 23, 2026
orphan
Jul 23, 2026
O-1 - 69% of metabolic-ward diet periods compensated for added dietary cholesterol; ~31% showed a plasma-cholesterol rise
Jul 23, 2026
O-10 - Daily egg intake associated with lower ischaemic heart disease and major coronary event incidence in China Kadoorie
Jul 23, 2026
O-100 - Non-differential dietary measurement error attenuates diet-disease associations toward the null
Jul 23, 2026
O-101 - FFQ nutrient validity coefficients (~0.4-0.7; energy vs DLW r~0.25-0.32) allow measurement-error correction of estimates
Jul 23, 2026
O-103 - Egg ingestion raised plasma and urine TMAO dose-dependently, with ~11-15% of egg choline converted to TMAO (n=6)
Jul 23, 2026
O-104 - TMAO rose significantly only at -=2 yolks and urinary TMAO plateaued between 4 and 6 yolks
Jul 23, 2026
O-105 - The egg-induced TMAO rise was acute-postprandial (peak 6-8 h), a single-meal flux not a fasting steady-state change
Jul 23, 2026
O-106 - Marked inter-individual variation in egg-to-TMAO conversion (-=4-fold), all subjects converted, men more than women
Jul 23, 2026
O-107 - No change in hsCRP or oxidized LDL after egg doses despite the TMAO rise
Jul 23, 2026
O-108 - China-PAR U-shaped egg-CVD association lowest at 3 to under 6 eggs per week higher at both extremes
Jul 23, 2026
O-109 - China-PAR U-shaped egg-mortality association lowest at 3 to under 6 eggs per week
Jul 23, 2026
O-11 - Daily egg intake associated with 26% lower haemorrhagic stroke incidence in China Kadoorie, strongest endpoint
Jul 23, 2026
O-12 - Daily egg intake associated with 10% lower ischaemic stroke incidence in China Kadoorie
Jul 23, 2026
O-13 - Daily egg intake associated with 18% lower CVD mortality in China Kadoorie
Jul 23, 2026
O-15 - Egg-T2D HR by Harvard cohort - positive in the two women cohorts, null in HPFS men
Jul 23, 2026
O-17 - Meta-analysis region gradient - egg-T2D RR US 1.18, Europe 0.99, Asia 0.82, p-interaction 0.01
Jul 23, 2026
O-18 - Harvard egg-T2D association stronger at lower overall diet quality (AHEI interaction)
Jul 23, 2026
O-19 - Substituting eggs with whole grains, nuts, yogurt or reduced-fat dairy lowers modelled T2D risk; other animal proteins no change
Jul 23, 2026
O-2 - Plasma-cholesterol rise on added dietary cholesterol coincided with failure to suppress endogenous synthesis
Jul 23, 2026
O-20 - Early stepwise heated-egg introduction cut confirmed egg allergy at 12 months to 8% vs 38% placebo in eczema infants (PETIT RCT)
Jul 23, 2026
O-21 - Early egg introduction raised hospital admissions (10% vs 0%) though acute-reaction rates were similar between arms (PETIT)
Jul 23, 2026
O-25 - 77% of vehicle-identified SE outbreaks in the 1985-87 US Northeast traced to Grade A shell eggs (65 outbreaks, 11 deaths)
Jul 23, 2026
O-26 - SE outbreaks egg-associated 44% of the time vs 15% for other Salmonella serotypes (US, 1973-1984)
Jul 23, 2026
O-27 - Bulk raw eggs from NE pasteurization plants yielded SE 10% vs 0% elsewhere, tracking human illness geography
Jul 23, 2026
O-28 - Serum cholesterol rises with dietary cholesterol intake in controlled metabolic-ward feeding
Jul 23, 2026
O-29 - Cohort of Swedish Men - egg intake and T2D functionally null (p-trend 0.06) with register-based outcomes
Jul 23, 2026
O-3 - Cohort plasma cholesterol more sensitive to dietary fat quality than to cholesterol quantity
Jul 23, 2026
O-31 - Wallin meta-analysis US-vs-non-US split - egg-T2D HR 1.18 (US, I2 0%) vs 0.97 (non-US)
Jul 23, 2026
O-32 - Dietary choline or TMAO supplementation increases atherosclerosis in Apoe--- mice, correlating with plasma TMAO and not with plasma lipids
Jul 23, 2026
O-33 - Choline, TMAO and betaine upregulate macrophage scavenger receptors CD36-SR-A and promote foam-cell formation in mice
Jul 23, 2026
O-35 - Antibiotic suppression of gut flora lowers plasma TMAO -100-fold and abolishes choline-induced ~3-fold atherosclerosis and macrophage-CD36 increase in mice
Jul 23, 2026
O-36 - Hepatic FMO3 expression and an FMO3-region SNP segregate with atherosclerosis, TMAO, and (inversely) HDL in a mouse F2 cross
Jul 23, 2026
O-37 - Plasma choline, TMAO and betaine predict 3-year incident MI, stroke or death in a prospective angiography sub-cohort
Jul 23, 2026
O-38 - In 1,876 angiography patients, plasma choline-TMAO-betaine show dose-dependent association with prevalent CVD and TMAO tracks coronary burden
Jul 23, 2026
O-39 - Replacing one serving per day of eggs with nuts, legumes, whole grains or fish lowers incident CVD by 15-21 percent
Jul 23, 2026
O-4 - 3-month high-egg vs low-egg RCT in prediabetes-T2D found no HDL-C difference (mean diff +0.02 mmol-L, P=0.38)
Jul 23, 2026
O-40 - Replacing one serving per day of eggs with nuts, fish, poultry or whole grains lowers all-cause mortality by 11-22 percent
Jul 23, 2026
O-41 - Sign and size of the egg-removal effect depend on the comparator food; eggs rank near processed meat
Jul 23, 2026
O-42 - Only 8 percent of participants ate at least one egg serving per day in the pooled US cohorts
Jul 23, 2026
O-43 - Higher egg intake tracks an unhealthier diet-lifestyle pattern (more red-processed meat, smoking, BMI, T2D) in Harvard cohorts
Jul 23, 2026
O-44 - Moderate egg intake not associated with CVD in Harvard cohorts (adjusted HR 0.93), crude 1.10 reversing to null on adjustment
Jul 23, 2026
O-45 - Significant egg x type-2-diabetes interaction on CVD in Harvard cohorts, though stratum-specific egg-CVD HRs were null
Jul 23, 2026
O-46 - Substituting eggs for red-processed meat or full-fat milk raised CVD risk; substituting for fish-poultry-plant proteins was neutral (Harvard)
Jul 23, 2026
O-47 - 33-cohort meta-analysis- no overall egg-CVD association (RR 0.98 per +1 egg-day), but I2=62.3% heterogeneity
Jul 23, 2026
O-48 - Egg-CVD meta-association inverse in Asian cohorts (0.92) but null in US (1.01) and Europe (1.05)
Jul 23, 2026
O-49 - Meta-analysis in type-2-diabetes populations- higher egg intake associated with higher CVD risk (RR 1.25-1.40)
Jul 23, 2026
O-5 - No between-group difference in total cholesterol, LDL-C, or triglycerides in the 3-month egg RCT
Jul 23, 2026
O-50 - Eggs lowered LDL-C less than an energy-matched high-carb breakfast in metabolic-syndrome-prediabetes adults
Jul 23, 2026
O-51 - HDL-C, triglycerides, total-non-HDL cholesterol and hs-CRP did not differ between egg and high-carb breakfasts
Jul 23, 2026
O-52 - HOMA-IR rose far less on the egg breakfast than the high-carb breakfast
Jul 23, 2026
O-54 - Systolic blood pressure fell more on the egg breakfast than the high-carb breakfast
Jul 23, 2026
O-55 - JPHC (Japan) - no association between egg intake and incident T2D in either men or women
Jul 23, 2026
O-57 - The E-value is the minimum RR-scale confounder strength needed to fully explain away an observed association
Jul 23, 2026
O-58 - Each +300 mg-day dietary cholesterol associated with higher CVD (HR 1.17) and mortality (1.18) across 6 US cohorts
Jul 23, 2026
O-59 - Each +half-egg-day associated with higher CVD (HR 1.06) and mortality (1.08) before cholesterol adjustment (6 US cohorts)
Jul 23, 2026
O-6 - No between-group difference in glycemic control in the 3-month egg RCT in prediabetes-T2D
Jul 23, 2026
O-60 - Egg-CVD and egg-mortality associations become non-significant after adjusting for dietary cholesterol (6 US cohorts)
Jul 23, 2026
O-62 - Four eggs-day for 4 weeks did not raise fasting TMAO or platelet reactivity in adults with normal renal function
Jul 23, 2026
O-63 - Free choline (choline bitartrate) raised fasting TMAO ~6-fold and increased platelet reactivity
Jul 23, 2026
O-64 - Phosphatidylcholine capsules at a matched choline dose did not raise TMAO or platelet reactivity
Jul 23, 2026
O-65 - Plasma choline rose significantly in every arm including the egg arm, confirming choline was absorbed
Jul 23, 2026
O-66 - Platelet responsiveness correlated with TMAO levels across participants
Jul 23, 2026
O-67 - Adding egg whites to choline-bitartrate did not suppress the choline-driven TMAO rise
Jul 23, 2026
O-68 - No lipid-panel component changed in any arm, including 4 eggs-day for 4 weeks
Jul 23, 2026
O-69 - Updated cohort meta-analyses find almost all food groups statistically significantly associated with all-cause mortality
Jul 23, 2026
O-7 - High-egg group reported greater postbreakfast satiety and less hunger despite matched protein
Jul 23, 2026
O-70 - Taken as lifelong causal, meta-analyzed cohort estimates imply implausible life-expectancy effects including minus 6 years for one egg per day
Jul 23, 2026
O-71 - Serum beta-carotene shows a strong protective mortality association in cohorts (RR 0.69) that randomized trials exclude
Jul 23, 2026
O-72 - KoGES (Korea) - egg intake not associated with CVD incidence in the whole cohort
Jul 23, 2026
O-73 - KoGES - egg-CVD risk elevated only in the diabetic subgroup (HR 2.81) not in non-diabetics (HR 1.03)
Jul 23, 2026
O-74 - KoGES - egg intake not associated with fasting blood lipids across quartiles
Jul 23, 2026
O-75 - Fasting total cholesterol rose 1.47 mg-dL per 100 mg dietary cholesterol across a 0-4 egg-day crossover (linear, no threshold)
Jul 23, 2026
O-76 - Fasting LDL cholesterol rose 1.38 mg-dL per 100 mg dietary cholesterol (P-0.001)
Jul 23, 2026
O-77 - No significant dose response of HDL cholesterol or triglycerides to dietary cholesterol
Jul 23, 2026
O-78 - Fasting apolipoprotein B rose ~10% between 0- and 4-egg diets, correlated with total-LDL cholesterol changes
Jul 23, 2026
O-8 - China Kadoorie egg intake calibrated to 0.29-0.76 eggs per day across categories
Jul 23, 2026
O-80 - Individual cholesterol responsiveness varied widely, appeared normally distributed, and was mostly positive; ApoE4 only a non-significant trend
Jul 23, 2026
O-81 - APOE genotype did not modify the LDL-C response to dietary cholesterol (or trans-fat) in a pooled n=395 feeding dataset
Jul 23, 2026
O-82 - LDL-C response to saturated fat was slightly larger in APOE E3-4 or E4-4 carriers than E3-3
Jul 23, 2026
O-84 - PURE median egg intake 3.9 per week ranging to about 1.2 eggs per day with regional variation
Jul 23, 2026
O-85 - Higher egg intake not associated with adverse blood lipids and associated with slightly lower blood pressure in PURE
Jul 23, 2026
O-86 - In PURE one or more eggs per day not associated with composite CVD-mortality, total mortality, or major CVD
Jul 23, 2026
O-87 - Higher egg intake associated with lower myocardial infarction risk in PURE but not replicated in ONTARGET TRANSCEND
Jul 23, 2026
O-88 - PURE egg-CVD association appeared protective only in participants with prevalent CVD, interaction non-significant
Jul 23, 2026
O-89 - In 31544 vascular-disease patients ONTARGET TRANSCEND egg intake not associated with CVD or mortality
Jul 23, 2026
O-9 - Daily egg intake associated with 11% lower total CVD incidence in China Kadoorie Biobank
Jul 23, 2026
O-91 - In OPEN (n=484) the FFQ under-reported energy by ~31-38% and the 24-hour recall by ~12-20%, FFQ roughly twice as biased
Jul 23, 2026
O-92 - OPEN protein under-reporting was ~27-34% on FFQ and ~11-15% on 24HR, but protein density was barely biased
Jul 23, 2026
O-93 - In OPEN the magnitude of dietary under-reporting increased with body mass index (person-specific systematic bias)
Jul 23, 2026
O-94 - Choline-free diet for 3 weeks depleted plasma choline and phosphatidylcholine ~30% in healthy men
Jul 23, 2026
O-95 - Choline deficiency raised serum ALT (0.42 to 0.62 mukat-L) in deficient men only, other liver-renal tests unchanged
Jul 23, 2026
O-96 - Choline deficiency lowered serum cholesterol ~15% in deficient men only
Jul 23, 2026
O-97 - 3 whole eggs-day raised HDL-C in overweight men on a carbohydrate-restricted diet, while egg substitute did not
Jul 23, 2026
O-98 - LDL-C and the LDL-HDL ratio did not change with egg intake, including in dietary-cholesterol hyper-absorbers
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